How to Install Ruby on the Linux Operating System

How to Install Ruby on the Linux Operating System Ruby is installed on most Linux distributions by default. However, you can follow the steps below to determine if Ruby is installed and, if not,  install the Ruby interpreter on your Linux computer. How to Install Ruby on Linux For an Ubuntu-based distribution, follow the following procedure to verify whether you have Ruby installed, and if not, to install it. Open a terminal window. One way open the terminal window (sometimes called a shell or bash shell) is to select Applications Accessories Terminal.Run the command which ruby.  If you see a path such as /usr/bin/ruby, Ruby is installed. If you dont see any response or get an error message, Ruby is not installed.To verify that you have a current version of Ruby, run the command ruby -v.Compare the version number returned with the version number on the Ruby download page.These numbers dont have to be exact, but if you are running a version thats too old, some of the features may not work correctly.Install appropriate Ruby packages.  This process differs between distributions, but on Ubuntu run the following command:sudo apt-get install ruby-full Verify That Ruby Works Correctly Open a text editor and save the following as test.rb. #!/usr/bin/env ruby puts Hello world! In the terminal window, change directory to the directory where you saved test.rb.  Run the command chmod x test.rb, then run the command ./test.rb. You should see the message Hello world! displayed if Ruby is installed correctly. Tips: Every distribution is different. Refer to your distributions documentation and community forums for help installing Ruby on distributions other than Ubuntu or its variants.For distributions other than Ubuntu, if your distribution doesnt provide a tool like apt-get then you can use a site such as RPMFind to find Ruby packages. Look for the irb, ri and rdoc packages as well, but depending on how the RPM package was built, it may already include these programs.

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator French inventor Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–Aug. 19, 1662) was one of the most reputed mathematicians and physicists of his time. He is credited with inventing an early calculator, amazingly advanced for its time, called the Pascaline. Fast Facts: Blaise Pascal Known For: Mathematician and inventor of an early calculatorBorn: June 19, 1623 in Clermont, FranceParents: Étienne Pascal and his wife Antoinette BegonDied: August 19, 1662 in Port-Royal abbey, ParisEducation: Home-schooled, admitted to meetings of the French Academy, studies at Port-RoyalPublished Works: Essay on Conic Sections (1640), Pensà ©es (1658), Lettres Provinciales (1657)Inventions: Mystic Hexagon, Pascaline calculatorSpouse(s): NoneChildren: None Early Life Blaise Pascal was born at Clermont on June 19, 1623, the second of three children of Étienne and Antoinette Bà ©gon Pascal (1596–1626). Étienne Pascal (1588–1651) was a local magistrate and tax collector at Clermont, and himself of some scientific reputation, a member of the aristocratic and professional class in France known as noblesse de robe. Blaises sister Gilberte (b. 1620) was his first biographer; his younger sister Jacqueline (b. 1625) earned acclaim as a poet and dramatist before becoming a nun. Antoinette died when Blaise was 5. Étienne moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to prosecute his own scientific studies and partly to carry on the education of his only son, who had already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise Pascal was kept at home in order to ensure he was not being overworked, and his father directed that his education should be at first confined to the study of languages. He requested that mathematics not be introduced until his son was 15. This naturally excited the boys curiosity, and one day, being then 12 years old, he asked what geometry was. His tutor replied that it was the science of constructing exact figures and of determining the proportions between their different parts. Blaise Pascal, stimulated no doubt by the injunction against reading it, gave up his play-time to this new study, and in a few weeks had discovered for himself many properties of figures, and in particular the proposition that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. In response, his father brought him a copy of Euclid. A genius from a young age, Blaise Pascal composed a treatise on the communication of sounds at the age of 12, and at the age of 16 he composed a treatise on conic sections. A Life of Science At the age of 14, Blaise Pascal was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge, and other French geometricians, from which, ultimately, the French Academy sprung. In 1641, at the age of 18, Pascal built his first arithmetical machine, an instrument which, eight years later, he further improved and called the Pascaline. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was then turning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. He repeated Torricellis experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere could be estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause of barometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at different altitudes on the hill of Puy-de-Dà ´me. The Pascaline The idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced at least as far back as the early  17th century. Mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the  Pascaline  to help his father, by then a French tax collector, count taxes. The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. When the first dial (ones column) moved 10 notches, the second dial moved one notch to represent the tens column reading of 10. When the second dial moved 10 notches, the third dial (hundreds column) moved one notch to represent one hundred, and so on. Blaise Pascals Other Inventions Roulette Machine Blaise Pascal introduced a very primitive version of the roulette machine in the 17th century. The roulette was a by-product of Blaise Pascals attempts to invent  a  perpetual motion machine. Wrist Watch The first reported person to actually wear a  watch  on the wrist was Blaise Pascal. Using a piece of string, he attached his pocket watch to his wrist. Religious Studies In 1650 while he was in the midst of this  research, Blaise Pascal suddenly abandoned his favorite pursuits to study religion, or, as he says in his Pensà ©es, contemplate the greatness and the misery of man. At about the same time, he persuaded the younger of his two sisters to enter the Benedictine abbey of Port-Royal. In 1653, Blaise Pascal had to administer his fathers estate. He took up his old life again and conducted several experiments on the pressure exerted by gases and liquids. It was also about this period that he invented the arithmetical triangle, and together with Fermat he created the calculus of probabilities. He was meditating marriage when an accident again turned his thoughts to religious life. He was driving a four-in-hand carriage on November 23, 1654, when the horses ran away. The two leaders dashed over the parapet of the bridge at Neuilly, and Blaise Pascal was saved only by the traces breaking. Death Always somewhat of a mystic, Pascal considered this a special summons to abandon the world. He wrote an account of the accident on a small piece of parchment, which for the rest of his life he wore next to his heart to perpetually remind him of his covenant. He moved to Port-Royal shortly after, where he continued to live until his death in Paris on August 19, 1662. Constitutionally delicate, Pascal had injured his health by his incessant study; from the age of 17 or 18 he suffered from insomnia and acute dyspepsia, and at the time of his death he was physically worn out. He neither married nor had children, and at the end of his life he became an ascetic. Modern scholars have attributed his illness to a variety of possible ailments, including gastrointestinal tuberculosis, nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and/or irritable bowel syndrome. Legacy Blaise Pascals contribution to computing was recognized by computer scientist Nicklaus Wirth, who in 1972 named his new computer language Pascal (and insisted that it be spelled Pascal, not PASCAL). The Pascal (Pa) is a unit of atmospheric pressure named in honor of Blaise Pascal, whose experiments greatly increased knowledge of the atmosphere. A pascal is the force of one newton acting on a surface area of one square meter. It is the unit of pressure designated by the International System.100,000 Pa 1000 mb or 1 bar. Sources OConnell, Marvin Richard. Blaise Pascal: Reasons of the Heart.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.  OConnor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. Blaise Pascal. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1996. WebPascal, Blaise. Pensà ©es. Trans. W.F. Trotter. 1958. Intro. T.S. Eliot. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003. Print.Simpson, David. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2013. Web.  Wood, William.  Blaise Pascal on Duplicity, Sin, and the Fall: The Secret Instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator

Biography of Blaise Pascal, Inventor of the Calculator French inventor Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–Aug. 19, 1662) was one of the most reputed mathematicians and physicists of his time. He is credited with inventing an early calculator, amazingly advanced for its time, called the Pascaline. Fast Facts: Blaise Pascal Known For: Mathematician and inventor of an early calculatorBorn: June 19, 1623 in Clermont, FranceParents: Étienne Pascal and his wife Antoinette BegonDied: August 19, 1662 in Port-Royal abbey, ParisEducation: Home-schooled, admitted to meetings of the French Academy, studies at Port-RoyalPublished Works: Essay on Conic Sections (1640), Pensà ©es (1658), Lettres Provinciales (1657)Inventions: Mystic Hexagon, Pascaline calculatorSpouse(s): NoneChildren: None Early Life Blaise Pascal was born at Clermont on June 19, 1623, the second of three children of Étienne and Antoinette Bà ©gon Pascal (1596–1626). Étienne Pascal (1588–1651) was a local magistrate and tax collector at Clermont, and himself of some scientific reputation, a member of the aristocratic and professional class in France known as noblesse de robe. Blaises sister Gilberte (b. 1620) was his first biographer; his younger sister Jacqueline (b. 1625) earned acclaim as a poet and dramatist before becoming a nun. Antoinette died when Blaise was 5. Étienne moved the family to Paris in 1631, partly to prosecute his own scientific studies and partly to carry on the education of his only son, who had already displayed exceptional ability. Blaise Pascal was kept at home in order to ensure he was not being overworked, and his father directed that his education should be at first confined to the study of languages. He requested that mathematics not be introduced until his son was 15. This naturally excited the boys curiosity, and one day, being then 12 years old, he asked what geometry was. His tutor replied that it was the science of constructing exact figures and of determining the proportions between their different parts. Blaise Pascal, stimulated no doubt by the injunction against reading it, gave up his play-time to this new study, and in a few weeks had discovered for himself many properties of figures, and in particular the proposition that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. In response, his father brought him a copy of Euclid. A genius from a young age, Blaise Pascal composed a treatise on the communication of sounds at the age of 12, and at the age of 16 he composed a treatise on conic sections. A Life of Science At the age of 14, Blaise Pascal was admitted to the weekly meetings of Roberval, Mersenne, Mydorge, and other French geometricians, from which, ultimately, the French Academy sprung. In 1641, at the age of 18, Pascal built his first arithmetical machine, an instrument which, eight years later, he further improved and called the Pascaline. His correspondence with Fermat about this time shows that he was then turning his attention to analytical geometry and physics. He repeated Torricellis experiments, by which the pressure of the atmosphere could be estimated as a weight, and he confirmed his theory of the cause of barometrical variations by obtaining at the same instant readings at different altitudes on the hill of Puy-de-Dà ´me. The Pascaline The idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced at least as far back as the early  17th century. Mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the  Pascaline  to help his father, by then a French tax collector, count taxes. The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. When the first dial (ones column) moved 10 notches, the second dial moved one notch to represent the tens column reading of 10. When the second dial moved 10 notches, the third dial (hundreds column) moved one notch to represent one hundred, and so on. Blaise Pascals Other Inventions Roulette Machine Blaise Pascal introduced a very primitive version of the roulette machine in the 17th century. The roulette was a by-product of Blaise Pascals attempts to invent  a  perpetual motion machine. Wrist Watch The first reported person to actually wear a  watch  on the wrist was Blaise Pascal. Using a piece of string, he attached his pocket watch to his wrist. Religious Studies In 1650 while he was in the midst of this  research, Blaise Pascal suddenly abandoned his favorite pursuits to study religion, or, as he says in his Pensà ©es, contemplate the greatness and the misery of man. At about the same time, he persuaded the younger of his two sisters to enter the Benedictine abbey of Port-Royal. In 1653, Blaise Pascal had to administer his fathers estate. He took up his old life again and conducted several experiments on the pressure exerted by gases and liquids. It was also about this period that he invented the arithmetical triangle, and together with Fermat he created the calculus of probabilities. He was meditating marriage when an accident again turned his thoughts to religious life. He was driving a four-in-hand carriage on November 23, 1654, when the horses ran away. The two leaders dashed over the parapet of the bridge at Neuilly, and Blaise Pascal was saved only by the traces breaking. Death Always somewhat of a mystic, Pascal considered this a special summons to abandon the world. He wrote an account of the accident on a small piece of parchment, which for the rest of his life he wore next to his heart to perpetually remind him of his covenant. He moved to Port-Royal shortly after, where he continued to live until his death in Paris on August 19, 1662. Constitutionally delicate, Pascal had injured his health by his incessant study; from the age of 17 or 18 he suffered from insomnia and acute dyspepsia, and at the time of his death he was physically worn out. He neither married nor had children, and at the end of his life he became an ascetic. Modern scholars have attributed his illness to a variety of possible ailments, including gastrointestinal tuberculosis, nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and/or irritable bowel syndrome. Legacy Blaise Pascals contribution to computing was recognized by computer scientist Nicklaus Wirth, who in 1972 named his new computer language Pascal (and insisted that it be spelled Pascal, not PASCAL). The Pascal (Pa) is a unit of atmospheric pressure named in honor of Blaise Pascal, whose experiments greatly increased knowledge of the atmosphere. A pascal is the force of one newton acting on a surface area of one square meter. It is the unit of pressure designated by the International System.100,000 Pa 1000 mb or 1 bar. Sources OConnell, Marvin Richard. Blaise Pascal: Reasons of the Heart.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1997.  OConnor, J. J. and E. F. Robertson. Blaise Pascal. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1996. WebPascal, Blaise. Pensà ©es. Trans. W.F. Trotter. 1958. Intro. T.S. Eliot. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003. Print.Simpson, David. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2013. Web.  Wood, William.  Blaise Pascal on Duplicity, Sin, and the Fall: The Secret Instinct. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

The importance of Coaching within Raising Employee Perfomance Research Paper

The importance of Coaching within Raising Employee Perfomance - Research Paper Example When there individuals within an organization that need to enhance their skills for better operations, coaching thus is done on them to improve their delivery potential as well as make those individuals more productive to the organization (Charness, 2014,pg.87). Coaching therefore will target areas such as skills that need to be developed or strengthened; the lapses that exist in work; behavior and performance output of individuals. When these weak areas are recognized within an organization, the employees are taken through coaching by the managers or supervisors depending on the organizations policy (Charness, 2014, pg.35). A case study that reveals the benefits of coaching can be drawn from the UK rail industry where up to 13 coaches were tasked with the responsibility of increasing the skills of customer service for about 350 people in their organization (customer hosts). As a tool to improve employees output, coaching has had other numerous benefits to UK rail industry including: nurturing and improving an individual’s talent; setting expectations about the employee and making the organization managers accountable; engaging leaders in organization activities; professional satisfaction; boost of employee morale; and overall improvement of the organizational goals. This report therefore aims to discuss coaching explaining its purposes; benefits; and challenges. Additionally, the report will give a brief conclusion on the topic of study. Coaching can be defined as process that enables an individual to learn and develop skills from a direction and advice provided by a seasoned expert or professional (Crane, & Patrick, 2014, pg.89). Additionally, coaching can be understood as a process that involves directing, training as well as instructing an individual or a group of persons to develop certain skills necessary to achieve some goal. Directions can be given through motivational talks while trainings offered through seminars and

London Zoo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

London Zoo - Case Study Example However, to run a zoo is a very detailed and complicated business. There are directors, curator, zookeepers, veterinarians, landscapers and maintenance workers. This is only a few of the zoos employees because there are promotions, accountants, front desk, special services and a department to handle the volunteers. A zoo is a business like any other profit or non-profit organization and there are many details that must be considered when investigating the operations of a zoo. In fact, due to the nature of the wildlife kept in a zoo it entails many business and health regulations that many business never encounter. The following will include a Management Report of the London Zoo that will provide a comprehensive focus, for management, staff and customers of the zoo. It will focus on the needs of the customers that will give staff and management a perspective on the priorities of the customers needs and wants. In addition, it will enable them to develop and deliver a service operation to match the customer needs and priorities. It will offer suggestions and recommendations on how management and staff can reach this goal. The next portion of the report will examine the existing service concept of the London Zoo and make suggestions for improvement. It is important to understand what a service concept is and in order to do this one must think in terms of customer service. It is a concept usually set forth in a mission statement that improves the service and quality of the service in an organization. The goal of a service objective is to improve the existing customer service and efficiency of the service provided by an organization. In addition, the service concept continually is evaluated and any improvements that are necessary are made. According to Behn, a service concept is one of the most important decisions that management can make regarding the operation of their business. (2001) A service concept model can be derived just from London Zoo's mission statement. Their mission statement reads, "To achieve and promote the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats" (London Zoo) Their statement seems to say so little but actually it says a lot. To promote the wildlife is actually a much larger endeavor than it sounds and to promote the habitats of these animals is also a paramount undertaking. Nonetheless, the mission statement does require some elaboration. The promotion will be included in the service concept model. As well the habitat of the animals must be included in the concept. If the promotion includes advertising animals in their habitats the Zoo is then responsible for replicating these habitats and that is not as easy as it sounds. It requires construction as well as the study of the environment that the animal's habitat is in and most significant, it requires resources. MISSION STATEMENT/SERVICE CONCEPT: The London Zoo does explain how they will pursue the goal. "The London Zoo pursues this mission by:keeping and presenting animals at London Zoo and in accordance with best practice;giving priority to species that are threatened in the wild;increasing public understanding of animals and their welfare and of the issues involved in their conservation;maintaining an outstanding education and information programme, particularly for schoolchildren and families;developing its role as a leading centre for research and conservation biology and animal

The role of music and other sound Essay Example for Free

The role of music and other sound Essay Often when in convocation with another person a generally meaningless comment can have a profound ability to offend someone more than a deliberately vulgar outburst; this is due to the tone in which the person delivers his remake. Tone as described in the Oxford Dictionary is the sound of a persons voice, expressing a feeling or mood, and is an essential tool in the way people communicate with each other to express there feelings and experiences. In author Tennessee Williams A Street Car Named desire a play about two sisters from the south living out there separate lives, meet again in New Orleans during a pivotal moment in each of there journeys; tone is a vital tool in expressing there emotional trials and tribulations within the book. As while reading the book it is not possible to hear the tones in which the characters use to express themselves, it is done through the stage directions. Thought the stage directions do not only evoke the tones of the play, they also foreshadow events ahead through describing symbolic happenings such as music and sound effects. Tennessee Williams use of stage directions is one of the many keys to the great success of this play; even the first paragraph is a tribute to that. The first paragraph describes a peaceful image, Two women, one white the other coloured talking, which for its time would have seen as being taboo in most areas of the country. The passage continues to describe a peaceful setting where summer seems to be creeping slowly and how people of different colours mingle amongst each other. This sense of tranquility is suddenly halted by the playing of a blue Piano simultaneously as the men come back for there bowling match. This indicates that the blue piano is a foreshadow to trouble in the future and when ever it plays it symbolizes a problematic situation arising. This is confirmed further on within the act as when ever the piano is described, a conflict emerges. Whilst Stella and Blanche are reacquainting they start to talk about what happened to there old home the Belle Reve, when the blue piano starts playing again. In this situation the piano indicate the emotional climax of this scene, when Blanche vividly describes what trials and tribulations she has suffered whilst her sister has been away, and how badly she has come off from them. The tone of the speech is very much linked to the colour of the piano, intending the speech to portray a time of sorrow of Blanches life. The last and probably the most symbolic aspect the image of the blue piano withholds is the forthcoming of Stella and Stanleys new baby. The arrival of the baby mentioned in unison with the play of the blue piano foreshadows that the birth or even just the babies being with strike up conflict within the characters in the book and may lead to a rift in there relationships. Another musical effect portraying tone is the song of the Polka. The song features at the end scene one during a conversation where Blanche and Stanly were flirting. The polka song is meant to symbolize the death of Blanches husband; ambiguously the line The music of the polka rises up, faint in the distance refers to her husband in a literal sense, as to Blanche, her husbands memory is faint in the distance, from a time long past, but still it faintly lives on within her. The reminder of her husband through song is a reaction of the guilt she feels, guilt for flirting with another man, i. e. her sisters husband Stanly. This guilt uncovers her underlying feelings still for her husband and how she is still trying to grasp hold to her life that she had before her life went into turmoil. The song also foreshadows the starting of a relationship with Stanly will only lead to a negative end for Blanche and potentially suffering a similar downfall as when her husband died. The final effect of sound used to disclose tone is laughter. Regularly in plays laughter would be used by the author to denote a light hearted or humors moment within the performance; however the appearance of laughter in A Streetcar Named Desire marks a moment or presence of tension between characters. Not the first occurrence of laughter used to break tension but probably the most prominent is when Stanley first offers Blanche a drink and uses a sexual metaphor to refer to her drinking. This not only reveals Stanleys nature as a womanizer but exposes sexual tension between Blanche and her brother in law. The laugh therefore predicts a sexual entwinement between the two characters later on in the book ensuring conflicts to follow. The second important period where a laugh emoting tension occurs is during convocation between Stanly and Stella when they are arguing over whether Blanche is telling the truth about Belle Reve. This is a pivotal moment within the opening scenes for it reveals three things. Firstly that Stella is uncomfortable with her husbands over eagerness to pursue issues that do not relate to him. This makes her insecure for it means she is unable to with hold her own secrets, for if Stanly new she held them he would interrogate her until she told him or worse. The is related to the first, in that Stella feels she has no control over her life for she is forced to do what Stanly wants, which is portrayed in that he does not listen to what Stella want and interrogates Blanche; which against Stella wishes. Thirdly Stella feels Stanly is far to curious of Blanche and feels slightly threatened by her sister as she feels Blanche may steal Stanley away from her. A Streetcar Named Desire is a play driven upon an emotional rollercoaster colliding with opposing personalities ensuring for furious confrontations. Tennessee Williams use of stage directions to provoke the tone of the characters allows for vivid imagery and powerfully tense moments.

The Great Depression in America :: essays research papers

The Great Depression I interviewed my great-grandmother, May Artz, for this project on the great depression. She was born on March 26, 1916. She is currently 84 years of age and lives in Brookhaven retirement home in Brookville, Ohio. She grew up in Springfield, Ohio during which she attended schooling through the sixth grade. She worked as a house wife all her life taking care of her thirteen children. While living at home she doesn't remember much about the roarin' 20's, but she does have some vivid memories of the depression in which she endured. Her mother died of scarlet fever when she was only a young girl, but her father remarried before she was out of the house. Her stepmother would hire her out as help for people to assist with the financial aspect of the families needs. One of these jobs was for a man by the name of Floy Artz. He was a farmer and needed help on the farm, so May was hired as assistance. They grew together and were married. He was quite a bit older then her, but they were truly in love. Like I mentioned earlier they had thirteen children. The biggest reason for having this many kids was they were needed as workers on the farm because they couldn't afford to hire help. She told me that they used to buy flour in big burlap bags since the family was so large. They couldn't afford to but cloth for making clothes or to go to the store and buy some. With a lot a creativity she made clothes out of the empty flour bags. The burlap made durable cloth and it was free. On a nice day in the fall one of their daughters was starting school. She wanted to say good-bye to her father, so she went to the barn to find him. She ended up getting kicked in the head by a horse and died later that day. She said, "the family was sad, but it only made that much stronger and closer." She spoke of people coming closer together and learning to appreciate things a lot more. Living on a farm was an advantage because they could produce their own food and milk, so at least they wouldn't starve. She said they had a hard time selling the crop though because no one could afford it or they were farmers also and didn't need food.

The University of Dissension

Why even consider the possibility of unionization? When lower-level employees start to feel the weight of the rising economy demands, the lack of wages, hours, and job satisfaction – other options become more desirable. Unionization sounds like a great idea to the minimum wage employees who feel dissatisfied with perhaps taking on the responsibilities of employees who have left the company for better opportunities. However there are many reasons why a company should avoid joining a union. Unions present a great idea, but here are a few examples of why not to unionize: Unions cannot guarantee the economic needs of wage and hour increases, job satisfaction, better supervisory performances and communication (Bateman & Snell, 2009, pg 386). Avoid Unionization What steps would you take as a school administrator to resolve this issue and avoid unionization of the operator’s staff? Employees form unions because they are dissatisfied with the conditions in which they are working under and the direction under which the company that employs them is taking. Companies can take certain steps to avoid unionization but they must follow certain rules and regulations regarding labor laws. Certain steps can be taken that will detour the employees from unionization and it starts with listening to your employees and their requests. It may be as simple as better communications or perhaps better working conditions. This step could be resolved easily by holding meetings on a regular basis. Actually listen to what the employee’s are saying and take notes. If necessary meet with the disgruntled employee’s one on one. Once you have identified the problems try and find a way to resolve these problems. At the next meeting identify the changes the company is able to make and address the changes that cannot be made and the reason why those changes cannot be made. Employers who meet with their employees and keep them up to date will gain much more respect. Employee committees established will strengthen communication and also give the employees a sense of empowerment. This makes the employees feel like they are a valuable of the decisions that are being made. This will make them less likely to want to unionize. An open door policy is always an excellent way to make the employee feel as though at any given time there is a member of the management team able and willing to listen to whatever problem they may be facing at this time You must train your managers on effective communication skills and how they can successfully deal with employee issues. Your managers are the ones who work on a daily basis with these employees. Management staff must also be informed on how to deal with union formation. Seminars where literature may be distributed that pertain to the newest laws affecting unionization should be held frequently. Company policies should be enforced fairly. As a leader you should be giving the employees the proper respect that they have earned and deserve. If this is not practiced than you can expect the employees to revolt and start the process of unionization. Always ensure that you stay up to date with the wages and benefits within the industry in which your company practices. If an employee feels they are earning the same pay that any other company would pay them they are much less likely to unionize. Effective ways to prevent unionization would be to continue the motion of communication. One idea is to conduct yearly employee relations audits, by doing this you are gathering small groups of employees and possibility hiring an outside communicator to relay the organizations intentions as well as hearing the voice of the disgruntled. Many of the employees who want to be part of a union are not fully educated on the meanings and possible freedoms that will lose or gained by becoming unionized. In all reality less than Less than 1 out of 10 employees in the United States are unionized (May 2010). With that fact it proves to be that most workers are not educated with the outcomes. Secondly, another factor to prevention is having a well oiled and trained management team. By having a management team who is knowledgeable; the team can recognize the possible infraction of union discussion. Approximately 80% of the time, the receiving of a National Labor Relations Board petition is the first time employers find out they had union activity( May 2010). Finally, a good method of prevention is during the new hire orientation process; provide information on the pros and cons of unionization of an organization. Unions often target new hires to sign union authorization cards and petitions because they are more susceptible to being pressured into signing (May 2010). Education, communication and a professional team can lessen a reality of having your organization unionized. The number of United States workers that have been unionized has been on a decline for the entire postwar period. In 1948, almost one-in-three workers (31. 8 percent) were in a union; by 2008, the fraction had almost on-in-eight workers (12. 4 percent). The drop-off in union membership has been particularly stark in the private sector, where, by 2008, only about one-in-thirteen workers (7. 6 percent) was unionized, whereas more than one-in-three workers in the public sector was unionized† (Schmitt and Zipperer 2009). Imminent Unionization If unionization appears imminent, what positions and actions would you take to work through the process (2-3 examples – 215 words each)†¦ ake sure these examples are in the most collaborative and least disruptive manner. If Unionization appears to be imminent, actions to be taken in order for the process to be smooth and not cause much conflict between employees and management. Action is to communicate in a well professional manner with all Associates. According to the article â€Å"The University of Dissension†, there supervisors have informally encouraged workers to give up the idea of unionizing†. By doing so all they are doing is conflict to rise and not work something through with all employees. First step to these will be a meeting to advice every one of what has happened with the company, changes they will be seeing, and decisions they can make whether to stay or leave. It will be shocking but at the same time it has been discuss with them in a well professional matter rather than informally advised to employees. As this action will be taken, some might agree to stay and work for the company while others will take actions needed to stop it or let other individuals know what the company has done to them. And it will be lead to a strike. As management it will be highly important to communicate and cover with employees all information needed for them to know before making a decision to stay and work or leave. As if a strike will be performed they will have much false information against them. When business continues during a struck, the company â€Å"claims the right to prevent people who do not support a strike from exercising their voluntary exchange rights with strike targets† (CW. 26 ) meaning that these information will be excluded to employees and those who plan to not stay with the company. As the case study indicates, most of the operating staff is unhappy with the increased workload with no pay increase, decreased health benefits with increased cost, and the failure of the administration to respond to their complaints. Although the University president listened to their complaints, he failed to give any feedback on the issues, and simply thanked the staff for their dedication to the school (Bateman). The only communication from the administrative staff at the university has been the informal warnings to the operating staff that their jobs could be lost to contractors. This type of disregard for the operating staff's complaints has them seeking help from a union. If the University has any hope of avoiding unionization of the operating staff, the lines of communication must open. Two important steps in avoid the unionization of staff involve having an effective way of resolving complaints and disputes, and communicating with workers (Worsham, J. 1998). The disgruntled employees have interpreted the lack of a response to complaints as a lack of concern. The informal warnings of job loss from the administrative staff have only increased the distrust of management by the operating staff. The university should open the lines of communication by setting up a committee from both sides to work towards resolving the complaints. Employees may accept some cuts in benefits or increased workloads if they can see that the concessions are equally distributed among all the university staff. If unionization is clearly imminent, the University could recognize the union without an election. This would allow the University to recognize the plight of the operating staffers and enter into negotiation of a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in good faith. Due to the negative situation that the operating staffers of the University have been put through, this option would allow the University to recognize the situation, and appear to be willing to resolve the situation in a fair and positive manner for all involved. Due to the larger workload demands, increasing healthcare costs, diminishing healthcare coverage, increased administrator and faculty benefits and wages, and increased enrollment at the University, it would be in the University’s best interest to recognize the lopsided treatment and engage the union in a CBA. This would allow the University to employ a fair and represented system to argue for the employees, while the University held its stance that, â€Å"times are tough, outside funding is down, and we must all share in the burden of maintaining our school. While this may very well be true, it is difficult to expect those who appear to be carrying the largest burden to understand the situation without fair negotiation and representation. In the team’s opinion, the situation has escalated out of hand to the point at which the school must acknowledge the union and use the union to help the employees understand that certain factors are based on the current economic times. If indeed, the University is just in their claims, the union will recognize after the CBA negotiations. The union will look into the University’s funding and compensation plans to determine if the workers are being fairly compensated. In addition, the workers will also be protected against employer discrimination, harassment, or termination due to the employee’s affiliation with the union. This is due to the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which protects employees from retaliation due to their affiliation with a union, attempts to form a union, or an employer’s refusal to collectively bargain with a union that represents their employees.

Weekly accomplishment report in tourism department

Tourism Management-III Marketing Section Weekly Accomplishment Report Date: April 16, 2013- Tuesday Name of Company: Tourism Assigned: On this day there were many clients went to our office to inquire regarding on tarpaulin. More so, I was able to learn how to use fax machine. Date: April 17, 2013- Wednesday On this day I was assigned to make photocopies of important filed documents. And the rest of the day I learned to answer and transfer phone calls properly. Date: April 18, 2013- Thursday For this day I was assigned to answer and transfer phone calls for the whole ay.Date: April 19, 2013- Friday On this day I was assigned to answer phone calls and receive Inquiries from clients the whole morning. In the afternoon, Kohl and I together with our supervisor went to Treetop Adventure wherein we experienced their superman ride, treetop and parachute fall. And also were went to JEST camp to see their mini zoo, nonsectarian, and bird sanctuary. Date: April 20, 2013- Saturday For this day I was assigned to answer phones calls. And we talked Mr†¦ De about Tourism in the Philippines. He also gave us knowledge about his tour guiding quenches and how to be effective outrider.Fay Ann B. Toleration (Trainee) Julius M. Macaw (JOT Supervisor) XEBEC Date: April 22, 2013- Monday For this day I did most office works and should be our last day at Marketing Section. Date: April 23, 2013- Tuesday On this day, I was assigned to answer phone calls and Ms. Esther asked me to make photocopies an important filed documents. Date: April 24, 2013- Wednesday On this day we moved on to XEBEC headed by Ms. Niacin Orzo, but before that we started oriented by Mr†¦ Sham Malawi about tour guiding and how to be effective tour guide.He discussed everything we need to know about Cubic Bay Freeport Zone. Date: April 25, 2013- Thursday For this day Mr†¦ Sham continued tackled about Cubic Bay Freeport Zone and he gave us a short quiz. He also discussed us about the Mayhap Host. Date: Ap ril 26, 2013- Friday My task for this day was to answer phone calls and to make photocopies an important files given by our supervisor. By the afternoon, Mr†¦ Sham told us that were assigned at Travelers Hotel for tomorrow. Date: April 27, 2013- Saturday On this day we were duty at Travelers Hotel as Information assistance for theTriathlon Championship 2013. Ms. Nadia Linda DC. Roll Date: April 30, 2013- Tuesday We have a seminar together with different department of SABA employees about â€Å"Diplomatic Protocol and Etiquette† social graces and how to eat in a fine dining restaurant and the guest speaker was MR†¦ Leo Prostate. Mr.. Leo is a very good speaker we learned a lot from him and we thankful because we have been given an opportunity to be part in that seminar. Date:May 1, 2013- Wednesday It was Labor Day but we still choose to get in the office to lessen our training hours.We were assigned to answered phone calls and inquiries for the whole day. Date: May 2 , 2013- Thursday On this day, I was assigned to answer phone calls and Ms. Esther asked me to type and prints an important documents. Date: May 3, 2013- Friday On this day, I was assigned to answer phone calls and helped in office works. Adman Date: May 6, 2013- Monday For this day we were assigned to duty at Painkilling Forest Trails, we went to Pastoral with Kayak Anthony and we took almost 2 hours Just to get there. He told us different medicinal plants found on a Jungle and I learned a lot from him.Date: May 7, 2013- Tuesday Our 2nd day at Painkilling Forest Trails. Kayak Samson taught us how to make fire using a bamboo and they also made us spoon and fork, drinking glass using a bamboo. Date: May 8, 2013- Wednesday My Last Day at XEBEC and I was assigned in Adman together with ate Charlene and Dizzied. We were assigned to answer phone calls and to make photocopies an important files given by our supervisor. Date: May 9, 2013- Thursday On this day, I was assigned to answer phone calls and Ms. Mona asked me to make photocopies an important filed documents. Date: Malay, 2013- FridayWe have a seminar at Harbor Point about Personal Development and Cervical Cancer and also we tackled there about the art of SHARP and the guest speaker was Ms. Beagle Arenas. She is very good speaker and I learned a lot from her. Date: Mall 1, 2013- Saturday Ms. Del Deal Cruz Date: May 13, 2013- Monday Election Day!!! Date: May 14, 2013- Tuesday We were preparing for our mock tour with Sir Errol. He discussed everything we need to know about Cubic Bay Freeport Zone. Date: May 15, 2013- Wednesday We were continued to tackled about SIBS with Daddy Sham and he encourage us o study and to research more about Cubic Bay.Date: May 16, 2013-Thursday For this day I was assigned to answer phone calls and we Joined to the route of Mr†¦ Gadding outside the office. Date: May 17, 2013-Friday For this day, it was my first time to Join in a sit-in tour with Kayak Bryan I saw his techniques a nd how he speak in front of tourist. He's a very good outrider and I learned a lot from him. Date: May 18, 2013-Saturday Date: May 20, 2013- Monday practiced us on how to deliver and conduct a tour properly. Date: May 21, 2013- Tuesday On this day was our Mock Tour.It was successful although I've got really nervous because I wasn't familiarized those areas we scrolls. Date: May 22, 2013- Wednesday We have our evaluation meeting w/ Mr†¦ Role Vulgar. And we move to reservation section. Later on, Ms. Theresa asked me to encode the monthly income of Cubic Gym facility. Date: May 23, 2013- Thursday I was assigned to answer phone calls and Ms. Elaine asked me to checked the daily and weekly income and also Ms. Magma asked me to logged and to make photocopies an important files. Date: May 24, 2013- Friday I was assigned to answer phone calls and inquiries for the whole day.

Poems comparing Country Lovers and What Its like to be a Black Girl

Poems comparing Country Lovers and What Its like to be a Black Girl This essay compares Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer and What It’s like to be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith. The works of these authors explore various themes such as race or ethnicity, prejudice, the quest for freedom, and inequality in societies. The focus of this essay is on the theme of race or ethnicity both Gordimer and Smith explore in their works. The essay shall compare and contrast the two works with regard to literary style, form, and content.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems comparing: Country Lovers and What It’s like to be a Black Girl specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gordimer has written several novels and short stories. The author has the ability to create a short story with the well-informed themes, which engage her readers. In Country Lovers, Gordimer portrays the struggle of a black woman during Apartheid in South Africa. She shows racial prejudice, characters inner struggles, and confusion. Gordimer manages to capture several ways people suffer in a racial society as they undergo and endure catastrophic moments. Gordimer uses the theme of racism in order to provoke high-levels of human emotions within few pages of the story. Gordimer presents the story of love between a white skinned Afrikaner and a black skinned girl in a farm setting. Gordimer notes, â€Å"The trouble was Paulus Eysendyck did not seem to realize that Thebedi was now simply one of the crowds of farm children down at the kraal, recognizable in his sister’s old clothes† (Gordimer, 1978). It is obvious that Paulus developed love for the black, Thebedi. The author writes, â€Å"The schoolgirls he went swimming with at dams or pools on neighboring farms wore bikinis, but the sight of their dazzling bellies and thighs in the sunlight had never made him feel what he felt now when the girl came† (Gordimer, 1978). The society and the law did not approve of such relationships in South Africa during the Apartheid era. Immorality Act 1950 to 1985 of the Apartheid prohibited all forms of sexual relations between blacks and whites. Another law of 1949 known as the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act banned all interracial marriages in South Africa (Tyson, 1999). Such laws caused serious problems for Paulus and Thebedi because their secret love affair was against Immorality Act. Gordimer notes, â€Å"She had to get away before the house servants who knew her came in at dawn† (Gordimer, 1978). Thebedi and Paulus kept their affair going despite harsh laws discouraging racial relations.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gordimer notes that both black and white children played together when they were young, but when the whites attend school, â€Å"they soon dont play together anymore† (Gordimer, 1978). This implies that racism had minimal influences on children. This marks the spread of racism among children. It shows that boarding schools create a sense of superiority among whites as a result blacks refer to their former friends as ‘missus and baasie. In the poem, What it’s like to be a Black Girl, Smith explores the issue of racism in a jagged society. The persona (a black girl) is at the threshold of puberty and feels a sense of discomfort with her changing physical body and mind as she hopes for better changes. Smith uses narration in order to drive her point of racism to readers in the first three lines of the poem. The style relies on â€Å"jagged sentence structure† (Pfeiler, 2003) coupled with a language of profanity to show her readers the seriousness of the poem. Thus, we can be able to understand young black girls’ lives in 1950s when she wrote the poem. Smith explores how racism affected black women in her time. Racism went to the extent of affecting health of women in society. For instance, transition into womanhood was an ordeal for black girls in a racial society, â€Å"it’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence† (Smith, 1955). Consequently, black girls embraced puberty with a sense of confusion and sadness, â€Å"First of all, it’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished, like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong† (Smith, 1955). Every teenage girl experiences such thoughts. However, Smith introduces the idea of racially jagged society and its pressure on girls by inserting ‘black girl’. The society is changing for young black girls. As a result, young girls have to find means of fitting in a racially jagged society using several ways, â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. It’s popping a bleached white mop head over the k inks of your hair and priming in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection† (Smith, 1955). The usages of â€Å"food coloring in eyes and hair bleaching† (Smith, 1955) show how a young black girl struggle to grow into acceptable woman in a racial society. She aims to be like white women, who have white skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes and then men would admire.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poems comparing: Country Lovers and What It’s like to be a Black Girl specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Historical analysis requires readers’ knowledge of historical events of the time (Tyson, 1999). This enables readers to understand the form and context of literary works in the context of history. Therefore, we can understand both Country Lover and What It’s like to be a Black Girl in the context of history. Readers can only imagine what blacks experienced at the time of Apartheid and its effects on mixed raced relationships. For instance, Gordimer notes, â€Å"He told her, each time, when they would meet again† because they cannot be seen in public together (Clugston, 2010). From the above sentence, we can understand why the relationship between Thebedi and Paulus was socially wrong. The Apartheid laws prohibited such relationships between mixed races. The white people controlled most aspects of social life in South Africa. Their children attended best schools and learned ideas about racial segregation in society. On the other hand, blacks learned to respect white people as they grew up. Therefore, understanding the historical context of Country Lover enables readers to understand the position of a black woman when Paulus murdered the baby. Both the poem and the short story have shown historical forms and settings. Gordimer and Smith wrote their works while racism was a dominant factor in a relationship between whites and black. Apartheid reflected racial dis crimination in South Africa, whereas sense of skin color discrimination showed racial discrimination in American society. Both works show that racism influenced all aspects of life, including individual appearances and interracial marriages. In the case of Thebedi, racism denied Thebedi justice following the murder of her child. Within the historical context, Gordimer aims to invoke social protest using her short story. She highlights and draws readers’ attention to contemporary social problems in South Africa as she hopes for change (Lazar, 1993). On the other hand, the poem depicts a black girl struggling to fit in a racial society (Smith, 1955). Therefore, we can only understand lives of Black Americans during racial segregation and discrimination based on skin color. In the poem, we can relate to the struggle of a young black as she struggles to grow into an acceptable woman in a racial society (Pfeiler, 2003). Smith uses the form of confessional poetry in which she explo res intensely experiences of black women with unusual frankness. This was the case in 1950s when writers condemned social issues in society. Smith aims to bring readers’ attention to social pressure black women experience in order to gain acceptance in a racial society.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Smith also uses her poem as a form of social protest with the hope that social circumstances will improve as she notes, â€Å"it’s finally have a man reach out for you then caving in around his fingers† (Smith, 1955). The contents of What It’s like to be a Black Girl and Country Lover have women to depict racism in societies as they deal with unfairness in societies as protagonists of the story. Both writers use black women because such acts affect them most in society. Smith uses vocal style to express her feelings in the poem. This style of expression enables readers to understand that being a black woman in a racial society tough. The author uses words, which arouse a sense of sadness and indignation such as ‘everything wild’ and ‘suffering their burn in silence’. Thus, a black girl must engage in activities, which will make her to look like a white woman for social acceptance. The sense of bitterness drives the poet to use profane l anguage in her poem, its learning to say fuck with grace, and fucking without it† (Smith, 1955). This symbolizes the way a black woman feels in a racial society. Gordimer and Smith show that children do not understand differences in society due to racism. For instance, in the poem, the black girl has â€Å"a sad tone and does not understand why she is different† (Pfeiler, 2003). On the other side, the short story shows that both white and black children play together when they are young. However, as they grow up, racism influences their actions and feelings. Paulus ends up killing Thebedi’s child while the black girl has to endure suffering in silence. The authors show that racism is destructive irrespective of where it occurs. From these female characters, we can be able to understand what it meant to grow up during Apartheid era in South Africa in the 1970s and in America in 1950s during racial segregation and discrimination. Gordimer presents her work from a t hird person point of view. This style enables the writer to present the story in an unbiased manner without authorial bias. We can conclude that both literary works present historical realities of racism in different settings. Historical circumstances shape events of these literary works. Therefore, these literary works use women protagonists in order to expose harsh realities, which black women experience in racial societies. Societies of the 1900s considered interracial romance a taboo due to racial prejudice at the time. Consequently, such racial prejudice could only lead to devastating consequences. The style, form, and content of both works show how whites in South Africa and America heightened racial tension in which blacks suffered in most cases. Therefore, we can learn of social stigma of being black as a social reality of the problem at the time. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Gordimer, N. (1978 ). Country Lover. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. Lazar, K. (1993). Feminism as Piffling? Ambiguities in Nadine Gordimers Short Stories. New York: St. Martins Press. Pfeiler, M. (2003). Sounds of Poetry: Contemporary American Performance Poets. Tubingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag. Smith, P. (1955). ‘What It’s Like To Be A Black Girl (for Those of You Who Aren’t)†. Web. Tyson, L. (1999). Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. New York: Garland Publishing.

The Victorian Period Was a Time of Change

The Victorian Period Was a Time of Change The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria. She was crowned in 1837 and died in 1901 (which put a definite end to her political career). A great deal of change took place during this periodbrought about because of the Industrial Revolution; so its not surprising that the literature of the period is often concerned with social reform. As Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) wrote, The time for levity, insincerity, and idle babble and play-acting, in all kinds, is gone by; it is a serious, grave time. Of course, in the literature from this period, we see a duality, or double standard, between the concerns of the individual (the exploitation and corruption both at home and abroad) and national success - in what is often referred to as the Victorian Compromise. In reference to Tennyson, Browning, and Arnold, E. D. H. Johnson argues: Their writings... locate the centers of authority not in the existing social order but within the resources of individual being. Against the backdrop of technological, political, and socioeconomic change, the Victorian Period was bound to be a volatile time, even without the added complications of the religious and institutional challenges brought by Charles Darwin and other thinkers, writers, and doers. Consider this quote from Victorian author Oscar Wilde in his preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray as an example of one of the central conflicts of the literature of his era. All art is at once surface and symbol. Those who go beneath the surface do so at their own peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their own peril. Victorian Period: Early Late The Period is often divided into two parts: the early Victorian Period (ending around 1870) and the late Victorian Period. Writers associated with the early period are: Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892), Robert Browning (1812–1889), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861), Emily Bronte (1818–1848), Matthew Arnold (1822–1888), Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882), Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), George Eliot (1819–1880), Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) and Charles Dickens (1812–1870). Writers associated with the late Victorian Period include George Meredith (1828–1909), Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889), Oscar Wilde (1856–1900), Thomas Hardy (1840–1928), Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), A.E. Housman (1859–1936), and Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894). While Tennyson and Browning represented pillars in Victorian poetry, Dickens and Eliot contributed to the development of the English novel. Perhaps the most quintessentially Victorian poetic works of the period are: Tennysons In Memorium (1850), which mourns the loss of his friend. Henry James describes Eliots Middlemarch (1872) as organized, molded, balanced composition, gratifying the reader with the sense of design and construction. It was a time of change, a time of great upheaval, but also a time of GREAT literature!

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 40

Management - Essay Example Since the organizational environment is a complex comprised of different activities and with the involvement of numerous sides in it, management theories help to make sense in that complexity. Management theories enable organization to realize its activities in order to determine what is relevant for the business, for instance, viable product and compliant workforce. Management theories have changed due to different historical and social times and places still addressing issues of relationships of particular times. Thus, at the turn of 20th century, organizations were large and mostly industrialized whose activities were ongoing with routine tasks that were concentrated with the manufacturing of different products. Thus, in the U.S. there were highly prized scientific and technical organizations that included careful measurement and specification of their activities and outcomes. Management was mostly the same, espousing careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized and employees either rewarded or punished. This approach was developed by Frederick Taylor and known as scientific management theory and appeared to work well for organizations with mechanistic and routine activities. The scientific management theory was changed with the openings of Max Weber, who developed his bureaucratic theory focusing on dividing organizations into hierarchies and establishing strong lines of authority and control within them. Weber proposed that organizations shoul d develop comprehensive and detailed standard of their operating procedures for all the routine tasks (McNamara, n.d.). Organizations run their activities using bureaucratic management principles across the world, managing their activities in formal processes and hierarchies that enable them to achieve stable structures and consistent results. However, bureaucratic principles are slow to